Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Creagan ET, Rubin J, O’Connell MJ, Ames MM. High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy. A randomized double-blind comparison. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:137–41. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

NIH Office of Dietary Supplments. [Last accessed on 2012]. Available from: http://www.ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/list-Vitamins Minerals/
Bailey RL, Gahche JJ, Lentino CV, Dwyer JT, Engel JS, Thomas PR, et al. Dietary supplement use in the United States, 2003-2006. J Nutr. 2011;141:261–6.  [Google Scholar]
‍
NBJ's Supplement Business Report 2010. United States: Penton Media; 2010. Nutrition Business Journal. [Google Scholar]

NBJ's Supplement Business Report 2011. United States: Penton Media; 2011. Nutrition Business Journal. [Google Scholar]

The ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1029–35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

 Peto R, Doll R, Buckley JD, Sporn MB. Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates? Nature. 1981;290:201–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

The ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group. The alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene lung cancer prevention study: design, methods, participant characteristics, and compliance. Ann Epidemiol. 1994;4:1–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
‍
Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1150–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

 Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1145–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
‍
Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: The Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300:2123–33. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: The Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:52–62. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ, et al. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: Supplementation with specific vitamin / mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85:1483–92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

 Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, O’Sullivan MJ, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:684–96. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, et al. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: The Women's Health Study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;294:56–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Beta-carotene supplementation and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease: The Women's Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:2102–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Meyer F, Galan P, Douville P, Bairati I, Kegle P, Bertrais S, et al. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation and prostate cancer prevention in the SU.VI.MAX trial. Int J Cancer. 2005;116:182–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

 Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) JAMA. 2009;301:39–51. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Klein EA, Thompson IM, Jr, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, et al. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) JAMA. 2011;306:1549–56. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

 Qiao YL, Dawsey SM, Kamangar F, Fan JH, Abnet CC, Sun XD, et al. Total and cancer mortality after supplementation with vitamins and minerals: Follow-up of the Linxian General Population Nutrition Intervention Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:507–18. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: Systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;297:842–57. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Clarke R, Halsey J, Lewington S, Lonn E, Armitage J, Manson JE, et al. Effects of lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause-specific mortality: Meta-analysis of 8 randomized trials involving 37 485 individuals. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1622–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

 Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: Reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d2040. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
 National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement: multivitamin / mineral supplements and chronic disease prevention. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:257S–64S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: A global perspective. Washington DC: AICR; 2007. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. [Google Scholar]. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Modell B, Lawn J. Folic acid to reduce neonatal mortality from neural tube disorders. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(Suppl 1):i110–21. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

 Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. Effect of routine iron supplementation with or without folic acid on anemia during pregnancy. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(Suppl 3):S21. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

. Lewiecki EM. Prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2008;35:301–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Cameron E, Pauling L. Ascorbic acid and the glycosaminoglycans.An orthomolecular approach to cancer and other diseases. Oncology. 1973;27:181–92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Cameron E, Pauling L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976;73:3685–9. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
‍
Creagan ET, Moertel CG, O’Fallon JR, Schutt AJ, O’Connell MJ, Rubin J, et al. Failure of high-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy to benefit patients with advanced cancer.A controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 1979;301:687–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
‍
Allen L., de Benoist B., Dary O., Hurrell R. Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2006. [Google Scholar]
U.S. Department of Agriculture . Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020. 8th ed. US Department of Health and Human Services; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Washington, DC, USA: 2015. [Google Scholar]
‍
 Blumberg J.B., Frei B.B., Fulgoni V.L., Weaver C.M., Zeisel S.H. Impact of frequency of multi-vitamin/multi-mineral supplement intake on nutritional adequacy and nutrient deficiencies in U.S. adults. Nutrients. 2017;9 doi: 10.3390/nu9080849. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Wallace T.C., McBurney M., Fulgoni V.L.I. Multivitamin/mineral supplement contribution to micronutrient intakes in the United States, 2007–2010. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2014;33:94–102. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2013.846806. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
 Fulgoni V.L.I., Keast D.R., Bailey R.L., Dwyer J. Foods, fortificants, and supplements: Where do Americans get their nutrients? J. Nutr. 2011;141:1847–1854. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.142257. [Google Scholar] 

Kantor E.D., Rehm C.D., Du M., White E., Giovannucci E.L. Trends in dietary supplement use among US adults from 1999-2012. JAMA. 2016;316:1464–1474. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.14403. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Bailey R.L., Fulgoni V.L., 3rd, Keast D.R., Dwyer J.T. Dietary supplement use is associated with higher intakes of minerals from food sources. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011;94:1376–1381. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.020289. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Bailey R.L., Fulgoni V.L.I., Keast D.R., Dwyer J.T. Examination of vitamin intakes among US adults by dietary supplement use. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2012;112:657–663. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.01.026. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Bailey R.L., Gahche J.J., Lentino C.V., Dwyer J.T., Engel J.S., Thomas P.R., Betz J.M., Sempos C.T., Picciano M.F. Dietary supplement use in the United States, 2003–2006. J. Nutr. 2011;141:261–266. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.133025. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Gahche J.J., Bailey R.L., Potischman N., Dwyer J.T. Dietary supplement use was very high among older adults in the United States in 2011–2014. J. Nutr. 2017;147:1968–1976. doi: 10.3945/jn.117.255984. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Dietary Supplement Label Database. [(accessed on 8 November 2017)]; Available online: https://dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/rptQSearch.jsp?item=multi&db=adsld.

Yetley E.A. Multivitamin and multimineral dietary supplements: Definitions, characterization, bioavailability, and drug interactions. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:269S–276S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.269S. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Radimer K., Bindewald B., Hughes J., Ervin B., Swanson C., Picciano M.F. Dietary supplement use by US adults: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2004;160:339–349. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwh207. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Bailey R.L., Gahche J.J., Thomas P.R., Dwyer J.T. Why US children use dietary supplements. Pediatr. Res. 2013;74:737–741. doi: 10.1038/pr.2013.160. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
109th US Congress. Older Americans Act Amendments of 2006. [(accessed on 5 September 2017)]; Available online: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ365/html/PLAW-109publ365.htm.
‍
Global Health and Nutrition Network Reps. Love, Cardenas Explain Support for SNAP Multivitamin legislation. [(accessed on 1 December 2017)]; Available online: https://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/blogs/insider-law/2017/10/rep-love-explains-support-for-snap-multivitamin-l.aspx.

Li Y., Wang C., Zhu K., Feng R.N., Sun C.H. Effects of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on adiposity, energy expenditure and lipid profiles in obese Chinese women. Int. J. Obes. 2010;34:1070–1077. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2010.14. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Sesso H.D., Christen W.G., Bubes V., Smith J.P., MacFadyen J., Schvartz M., Manson J.E., Glynn R.J., Buring J.E., Gaziano J.M. Multivitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: The Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;308:1751–1760. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.14805. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
 Wang C., Li Y., Zhu K., Dong Y.M., Sun C.H. Effects of supplementation with multivitamin and mineral on blood pressure and C-reactive protein in obese Chinese women with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009;18:121–130. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
‍
Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;309:2005–2015. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.4997. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Label Claims for Conventional Foods and Dietary Supplements. [(accessed on 4 December 2017)]; Available online: https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm111447.htm.
‍
Bailey R.L., Gahche J.J., Miller P.E., Thomas P.R., Dwyer J.T. Why US adults use dietary supplements. JAMA Intern. Med. 2013;173:355–361. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2299. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Bailey R.L., Akabas S.R., Paxson E.E., Thuppal S.V., Saklani S., Tucker K.L. Total usual intake of shortfall nutrients varies with poverty among US adults. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 2017;49:639–646. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2016.11.008. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Fulgoni V.L., Buckley R.B. The contribution of fortified ready-to-eat cereal to vitamin and mineral intake in the U.S. population, NHANES 2007–2010. Nutrients. 2015;7:3949–3958. doi: 10.3390/nu7063949. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Schwartz B. New criteria for supplementation of selected micronutrients in the era of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2014;65:529–538. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2014.898258. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Ferguson L.R., De Caterina R., Gorman U., Allayee H., Kohlmeier M., Prasad C., Choi M.S., Curi R., de Luis D.A., Gil A., et al. Guide and position of the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics on personalised nutrition: Part 1—Fields of precision nutrition. J. Nutrigenet. Nutrigenom. 2016;9:12–27. doi: 10.1159/000445350. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Fenech M., El-Sohemy A., Cahill L., Ferguson L.R., French T.A., Tai E.S., Milner J., Koh W.P., Xie L., Zucker M., et al. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics: Viewpoints on the current status and applications in nutrition research and practice. J. Nutrigenet. Nutrigenom. 2011;4:69–89. doi: 10.1159/000327772. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Gorman U., Mathers J.C., Grimaldi K.A., Ahlgren J., Nordstrom K. Do we know enough? A scientific and ethical analysis of the basis for genetic-based personalized nutrition. Genes Nutr. 2013;8:373–381. doi: 10.1007/s12263-013-0338-6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Nielsen D.E., El-Sohemy A. Disclosure of genetic information and change in dietary intake: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e112665. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112665. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Price N.D., Magis A.T., Earls J.C., Glusman G., Levy R., Lausted C., McDonald D.T., Kusebauch U., Moss C.L., Zhou Y., et al. A wellness study of 108 individuals using personal, dense, dynamic data clouds. Nat. Biotechnol. 2017;35:747–756. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3870. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Goossens J. Exploring future opportunities and barriers for business model concepts in personalized nutrition. Arch. Public Health. 2014;72(Suppl. 1):K5. doi: 10.1186/2049-3258-72-S1-K5. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Grarup N., Sulem P., Sandholt C.H., Thorleifsson G., Ahluwalia T.S., Steinthorsdottir V., Bjarnason H., Gudbjartsson D.F., Magnusson O.T., Sparso T., et al. Genetic architecture of vitamin B12 and folate levels uncovered applying deeply sequenced large datasets. PLoS Genet. 2013;9:e1003530. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003530. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Jiang X., O’Reilly P.F., Aschard H., Hsu Y.H., Richards J.B., Dupuis J., Ingelsson E., Karasik D., Pilz S., Berry D., et al. Genome-wide association study in 79,366 European-ancestry individuals informs the genetic architecture of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Nat. Commun. 2018;9:260. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02662-2. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Kim Y.I. Role of folate in colon cancer development and progression. J. Nutr. 2003;133:3731s–3739s. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3731S. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Levine A.J., Figueiredo J.C., Lee W., Conti D.V., Kennedy K., Duggan D.J., Poynter J.N., Campbell P.T., Newcomb P., Martinez M.E., et al. A candidate gene study of folate-associated one carbon metabolism genes and colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2010;19:1812–1821. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0151. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Figueiredo J.C., Levine A.J., Lee W.H., Conti D.V., Poynter J.N., Campbell P.T., Duggan D., Lewinger J.P., Martinez M.E., Ulrich C.M., et al. Genes involved with folate uptake and distribution and their association with colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21:597–608. doi: 10.1007/s10552-009-9489-6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Takahashi H, Mizuno H, Yanagisawa A. High-dose intravenous vitamin C improves quality of life in cancer patients. Personalized Medicine Universe. 2012;1:49–53. doi: 10.1016/j.pmu.2012.05.008. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Mikirova N, Casciari J, Rogers A, Taylor P. Effect of high-dose intravenous vitamin C on inflammation in cancer patients. J Transl Med. 2012;10:189. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-189. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Schectman G, Byrd JC, Gruchow HW. The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults. Am J Public Health. 1989;79:158–62. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.79.2.158. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Padayatty SJ, Sun H, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:533–7. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00010. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
‍
Oreopoulos DG, Lindeman RD, Vanderjagt DJ, Tzamaloukas AH, Bhagavan HN, Garry PJ. Renal excretion of ascorbic acid: effect of age and sex. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993;12:537–42. doi: 10.1080/07315724.1993.10718349. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:3704–9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.8.3704. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

 Ness AR, Khaw K-T, Bingham S, Day NE. Vitamin C status and blood pressure. J Hypertens 1996; 14:503–508. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

 Juraschek SP, Guallar E, Appel LJ, Miller ER., 3rd Effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95:1079–1088. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
‍
Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M, Huang A, Frei B, Keaney JF, Jr., Vita JA. Treatment of hypertension with ascorbic acid. Lancet 1999; 354:2048–2049. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]